![]() According to Yokoyama (2015), the tax system revision in 2004 increased working hours and income for married women with low Yokoyama (2015) that analyzed the effects of the partial abolition of the special spousal exemption on the labor supply of married women. It was found that while the annual income decline for low- to medium-income women can beĮxplained by the increase in the number of part-time workers, the annual income increase for high-income women can be explained by factors such as a rise in the level of academic achievement and an increase in the length of tenure. Regarding women’s annual income distribution, annual income has declined for low- to medium-income women but increased for high-income women over the past 25 years. Implications for research and policy are discussed. They analyze a large federal longitudinal data set (1998–2007) to examine racialization and find that classification continues to operate at least in part as a racial sorting scheme. The authors address the racialized construction and evolution of the mild disability classification system along with mechanisms that perpetuate racial segmentation in contemporary classification. The authors view disability classification as status competition, in which minorities are overrepresented in low-status categories such as intellectual disability and emotional disturbance, and whites are overrepresented in high-status categories such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism. Although this makes special education services available to these and other children who need them, contention endures as to whether disability classification also is racially (and ethnically) biased. Many African American and Hispanic children are classified as mildly disabled. ![]()
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